Defenations and examples Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Defenations and examples - Assignment Example They are sources of energy mainly derived from living components from a previous geological field .Fossil fuels include: petroleum, natural gas and coal (Curley, 2012). Overtime petroleum reserves have been over utilized. Consequently, there is an inevitable decline in oil reserves,which could result in serious economic problems. For example The united states of America faces a huge decline in the energy supplies in the next twenty years which will threaten the economic stability of the country. The energy sector is critical in all countries since it affects other sectors such as the agriculture and transport sector. In developing countries such as Nigeria and southern Sudan there has been constant conflicts in human rights violation due to the presence of oil reserves. Domestic Technology ensures that the human population live comfortably.It takes the form of home appliances which include computers, cars washing machines,power generators,and telephones.Consequently, people refer to technology as a tool that empowers people.For instance cars can be used to travel from one place to another. Telephones on the other hand can be used to facilitate communication, making the world a global village. However, it is important to note that some of these components can be used to commit crimes and facilitate unethical behaviors in the society. Distributive justice focuses on the fair allocation of services among the society members. Moreover, it advocates for the equal distribution of available resources to all people (Armstrong, 2012) . In developing countries, many people survive on less than a dollar a day. This clearly indicates the inequalities affecting many people around the world. Therefore, it is the mandate of the government to invest in infrastructural projects to ensure that the living standards of the people improve significantly. Lastly, there is a need for increased trading and a free

Employment Communication Essay Example for Free

Employment Communication Essay Employment communication is the communication between employees in an organization which is said to be the most essential aspect that should be put into consideration for a better coordination among the taskforces within an organization, this means that the employees are put in a position to communicate with their employers either in a formal way or informal way to pass information. Through this the employees are enabled to express their grievances, health matters, working environment and legal matters through communication to their employers. A healthy and supportive work environment is found to be the most crucial factor in creating robust employment relationships. Discussion Individuals with strong employment relationships tend to have helpful and friendly co-workers, interesting work, assess their workplace as both healthy and safe, are supported in balancing work with their personal life, and have reasonable job demands. High levels of employee trust and commitment are linked to perceptions that their employer cares about them. If the employees are not satisfied with these aspects then they can call for a meeting with the managerial personnel and this is said to be a formal way of communicating with the authority. (Palmer and Akin, 2006) Communication is also used in the delivering of the resources needed to do the job well this can be done through the provision of training, equipment and information thus indicating to employees the firm’s commitment to employees needs who therefore required to accomplish their tasks. Resources are also likely to make workloads more manageable and enable workers to be more productive in their duties. Through training one can communicate to the employees on what is expected to be done to accomplish their tasks and the policies required to accomplish all tasks. (Dale, 2001) Employment relationships clearly matter for individuals and employers. The strong employment relationships positively influence job satisfaction, skill use and development, workplace morale, and worker absenteeism. In general, strong employment relationships contribute to the quality of work life and the performance of the organization to be of high esteem. On the other hand, perceived problems with pay and job security are more important influences on willingness to work effectively than it is for the strength of employment relationships (Palmer and Akin, 2006) Strong employment communication is associated with the more effective use of human resources and skills. The employees who have strong employment communication have more opportunities in their job to develop and use their skills and abilities in a free environment that they have ways of expressing their thoughts and feelings. This supports the creation of human capital that is so important for both individual well being and healthy organizations goals. . (Yeung, 1997) In this case we find that this communication is usually affected by many factors such as the organizational change which is said to may affect the employees negatively bringing up informal way of expressing their disapproval. Downsizing and restructuring are associated with reduced levels of trust, commitment, communications and worker influence. The employees may down their tools in protest or may also resist change through strike. The changes should be effectively communicated before they are put in place so that the employees are not caught unaware of the changes being effected. Employers or the authority should take charge to convince the employers on the benefits the changes will put in place from the existing organization structure, policies and procedures. (Yeung, 1997) Conclusion There are several ways to address this communication problems being experienced between the employers and employees, but first we have to create an employment relationship that addresses this issues. Employment relationships must be created so that communication is enhanced. The strength of employment relationships matters for individuals. This puts trust, commitment, communication and influence on their list of job selection criteria hence there is not much that individual workers can do short of changing employers or becoming self employed to improve their work environment. Those employees in weak employment relationships desire better communication fairness, respect, recognition, and a more supportive work environment. They also need more opportunities for meaningful input and participation. These are the issues they want employers to address first. The employers have no doubt that creating a supportive and healthy work environment nurtures positive employment relationships. This entails looking into the physical, social and psychological aspects of the workplace everything from workloads to respect and the resources needed to do an effective job. The most important issue is how the work is organized. Trust is associated with restructuring and downsizing also low levels of commitment. Most workplaces are organized to give more scope for participation so as to have stronger employment relationships. The content of the job is also an important issue especially providing skilled and interesting tasks so that the goals of the organization can be effectively communicated. Policies and measures should be put in place to address this communication issues so that the employee’s grievances or conditions can be addresses at ease. With policies the employee’s issues will certainly reach to their employers who will know how to address them than going to extreme reactions like calling for strikes or the workers having to lay down tools. The strict consequences or measures put in place will also prevent them from resolving the issues in a violent way but do it in a formal way. For example employees may face a sack from work if he goes contrary to this ways of addressing the issues. A relational perspective on work points toward the goal of creating cohesive, prosperous, and personally supportive workplaces and communities through effective communication means. We can therefore conclude that defining characteristics of a good job, the qualities of trust, commitment, communication and influence is important means for employment relationship between the employer and his employee. Thus both formal and informal ways should be set up to ease communication and flow of information in employment is an organization or business.

The Fall Of The House Of Usher: Imagery And Parallelism :: essays research papers

The Fall of the House of Usher: Imagery and Parallelism In his short story "The Fall of the House of Usher", Edgar Allen Poe presents his reader with an intricately suspenseful plot filled with a foreboding sense of destruction. Poe uses several literary devices, among the most prevalent, however are his morbid imagery and eerie parallelism. Hidden in the malady of the main character are several different themes, which are all slightly connected yet inherently different. Poe begins the story by placing the narrator in front of the decrepit, decaying mansion of Roderick Usher. Usher summoned his childhood friend, the narrator, to his home by sending a letter detailing only a minor illness. After the narrator arrives and sees the condition of the house he becomes increasingly superstitious. When the narrator first sees his host he describes his morbid appearance and it arouses his superstition even more. Over a period of time the narrator begins to understand his friends' infliction, insanity. He tries in vane to comfort his friend and provide solace, however to no avail. When Roderick's only remaining kin, his sister Madeline dies, Rodericks insanity seems to have gone to a heightened level. Shortly after his sister's death, Roderick's friend is reading him a story. As things happen in the story, simultaneously the same description of the noises come from within the house. As Usher tries to persuade the narrator that it is his sister coming for him, and his friend believing Roderick has gone stark raving mad, Madeline comes bursting in through the door and kills her brother. The narrator flees from the house, and no sooner does he get away than he turns around and sees a fissure in the houses masonry envelop the house and then watch the ground swallow up the remains. In "The Fall of the House of Usher" Poe introduces the reader to three characters; Lady Madeline, Roderick Usher, and the narrator, whose name is never given. Lady Madelin, the twin sister of Roderick Usher, does not speak one word throughout the story. In fact she is absent from most of the story, and she and the narrator do not stay together in the same room. After the narrators arrival she takes to her bed and falls into a catatonic state. He helps to bury her and put her away in a vault, but when she reappears he flees. Before she was buried she roamed around the house quietly not noticing anything, completely overcome by her mental disorder. Roderick Usher appears to be an educated man. He comes from a wealthy family and owns a huge library.

Light Bulb, Invention and Purpose

In 1880, Thomas Alva Edison invented the incandescent light bulb and patented it. It’s an invention that has been around since the 1800's. This invention has significantly, affected society by allowing the world to create a comfortable com/%EF%BB%BFwhy-school-environment-is-important/">safe environment. Edison had come up with a 16-watt bulb that lasted for over 1,500 hours. Edison's light bulb needed improvements, and those improvements are the reason we have light bulbs today.The light bulb was invented by using a low current electricity, a small carbonized filament, and an improved vacuum inside the globe; this was not an original invention by Edison this was an improved invention by Edison from 50 years ago.Edison's bulb design had a pointy top but looked similar to the light bulbs you would see today. The socket was at the base, just as light bulbs used today. The electric light had a thin carbonized cotton thread filament sealed inside a fragile glass vacuum tube. The bu lb worked by passing direct current through the filament.Edison carried out experiments with over 6,000 filaments in order to pick the perfect one that would glow well and last a long time. He also tried many different materials and looked at the efficiency of different filament diameters, structures, and shapes.He looked at stranded and unstranded wired. He tried oval and horseshoe shaped filaments. he also determined whether to use a vacuum pump or remove air from the tube or to let the filament burn out until it was out of oxygen. Edison was able to produce a reliable, long-lasting source of light. The idea of electric lighting was not new, and a number of people had worked on, and even developed forms of electric lighting. If it hadn't had been for Thomas Edison we would be using candles, oil lamps, and gas lamps for light sources.Today the light bulbs are used in lamps, ceilings, car headlights, street lights, christmas lights, and much much more. The light bulb has evolved int o colored lights, compact fluorescent lamp(CFLs), and various other types.The impact of Edison's breakthrough was significant in the history if electric lighting. His work helped point future inventors in the right direction. The vacuum tubes are still used today, that captures the improvements of the invention that Edison put into action. It provided the industry with the bases of an efficient lighting system.

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 13

Do You Like Foreign Films? Cliff asks about Veronica's dinner party in a way that lets me know my mother has already discussed it with him – probably in an effort to get me to wear the collared shirts she bought me at the Gap, which Mom loves and I do not love. As soon as I sit down in the brown recliner, Cliff broaches the subject, pinching his chin the way he does every time he asks me a question my mother has already answered. Even though I now recognize Cliff's tell, I am excited to let him know he was right about wearing the shirt my brother had given me. Surprisingly, he does not want to talk about what clothes I wore; he wants to talk about Tiffany, and he keeps asking what I thought about her, how she made me feel, and if I enjoyed her company. At first I am polite and answer by saying that Tiffany was nice and well dressed and had a pretty good body, but Cliff keeps pushing for the truth like therapists do, because they all have some sort of psychic ability that allows them to see through your lies, and therefore they know you will eventually tire of the talking game and will offer up the truth. Finally I say, â€Å"Well, the thing is – and I don't like saying this – but Tiffany is kind of slutty.† â€Å"What do you mean?† Cliff asks me. â€Å"I mean she's sort of a whore.† Cliff sits forward a little. He looks surprised, and uncomfortable enough to make me feel uncomfortable. â€Å"On what do you base your observation? Did she dress provocatively?† â€Å"No. I told you already. She wore a nice dress. But as soon as we finished our dessert, she asked me to walk her home.† â€Å"What's wrong with that?† â€Å"Nothing. But at the end of the walk she asked me to have sexual intercourse with her, and not in those words.† Cliff removes his fingers from his chin, sits back, and says, â€Å"Oh.† â€Å"I know. It shocked me too, especially because she knows I'm married.† â€Å"So did you?† â€Å"Did I what?† â€Å"Have sexual intercourse with Tiffany?† At first Cliff's words don't register, but when they do, I become angry. â€Å"No!† â€Å"Why not?† I cannot believe Cliff has actually asked me such a question, especially since he is a happily married man himself, but I dignify the inquiry with an answer anyway. â€Å"Because I love my wife! That's why!† â€Å"That's what I thought,† he says, which makes me feel a little better. He is only testing my morals, which is perfectly understandable, because people outside of mental institutions need to have good morals so that the world will continue to work without any major interruptions – and happy endings will flourish. Then I say, â€Å"I don't even know why Tiffany would ask me to have sex with her anyway. I mean, I'm not even an attractive guy; she's pretty and could do a lot better than me for sure. So I'm thinking now that maybe she's a nymphomaniac. What do you think?† â€Å"I don't know whether she is a nymphomaniac or not,† he says. â€Å"But I do know that sometimes people say and do what they think others want them to. Maybe Tiffany really did not want to have sex with you, but only offered something she thought you would find valuable, so you would value her.† I think about his explanation for a second and then say, â€Å"So you're saying that Tiffany thought I wanted to have sex with her?† â€Å"Not necessarily.† He grabs his chin again. â€Å"Your mother told me you came home with makeup on your shirt. Do you mind if I ask how that happened?† Reluctantly, because I don't like to gossip, I tell him about Tiffany's wearing her wedding ring even after her husband died, and the hugging and the crying we did in front of her parents' house. Cliff nods and says, â€Å"It seems like Tiffany really needs a friend, and that she thought having sex with you would make you want to be her friend. But tell me again how you handled the situation.† So I tell him exactly what led us to the hug and how I let her get makeup on my Hank Baskett jersey and – â€Å"Where did you get a Hank Baskett jersey?† he asks me. â€Å"I told you. My brother gave it to me.† â€Å"That's what you wore to the dinner party?† â€Å"Yeah, just like you told me to.† He smiles and even chuckles, which surprises me. Then he adds, â€Å"What did your friends say?† â€Å"Ronnie said that Hank Baskett is the man.† â€Å"Hank Baskett is the man. I bet he catches at least seven touchdowns this season.† â€Å"Cliff, you're an Eagles fan?† He does the Eagles chant – â€Å"E!-A!-G!-L!-E!-S! EAGLES!† – which makes me laugh because he is my therapist and I did not know therapists could like NFL football. â€Å"Well, now that I know you too bleed green, we'll have to talk Birds off the clock,† Cliff says. â€Å"So you really let Tiffany cry her makeup onto your brand-new Hank Baskett jersey?† â€Å"Yeah, and it's one with stitched-on numbers, not the cheap iron-ons.† â€Å"Authentic Hank Baskett jersey!† he says. â€Å"That was certainly very kind of you, Pat. It sounds like Tiffany only really needed a hug, which you gave her because you are a nice guy.† I can't help smiling, because I really am trying hard to be a nice guy. â€Å"Yeah, I know, but now she's always following me all over town.† â€Å"What do you mean?† So I tell Cliff that since the dinner party, whenever I put on a trash bag and leave my house for a run, Tiffany is always waiting outside in her little running outfit and pink headband. â€Å"Very politely, I told her that I do not like running with other people and asked her to leave me alone, but she ignored my request and simply jogged five feet behind me for my entire run. The next day, she did the same thing, and she keeps on doing it. Somehow she's figured out my schedule, and she's always there when I leave my house an hour before sunset – ready to shadow me wherever I jog. I run fast, and she stays with me. I run on dangerous streets, and she follows. She never tires out either – and just keeps running down the street when I finally stop in front of my house. She doesn't even say hello or goodbye.† â€Å"Why don't you want her to follow you?† Cliff asks. So I ask him how his wife, Sonja, would feel if some hot woman shadowed him every time he went for a run. He smiles the way guys do when they are alone and talking about women in a sexual way, and then he says, â€Å"So you think Tiffany is hot?† This surprises me because I did not know therapists were allowed to talk like guys do when they are buddies, and I wonder if this means that Cliff thinks of me as his buddy now. â€Å"Sure, she's hot,† I say. â€Å"But I'm married.† He grabs his chin and says, â€Å"How long has it been since you've seen Nikki?† I tell him I don't know. â€Å"Maybe a couple of months,† I say. â€Å"Do you really believe that?† he asks, grabbing his chin again. When I say I do, I hear the yelling in my voice and even allow the f-word to slip out. Immediately I feel bad because Cliff was talking to me like a friend, and sane people should not yell and curse at their buddies. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I say when Cliff starts to look scared. â€Å"It's okay,† he says, and forces a smile. â€Å"I should believe that you really mean what you tell me.† He scratches his head for a second and then says, â€Å"My wife loves foreign films. Do you like foreign films?† â€Å"With subtitles?† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"I hate those types of films.† â€Å"Me too,† Cliff says. â€Å"Mostly because – â€Å" â€Å"No happy endings.† â€Å"Exactly,† Cliff says, pointing a brown finger at my face. â€Å"So depressing most of the time.† I nod wholeheartedly in agreement, even though I haven't been to see any movies for a long time, and won't until Nikki returns, because I am now watching the movie of my life as I live it. â€Å"My wife used to beg me to take her to see these foreign films with subtitles all the time,† Cliff says. â€Å"It seemed like every day she would ask me if we might go to see a foreign film, until I broke down and started taking her. Every Wednesday night we'd go to the Ritz movie theater and see some depressing movie. And you know what?† â€Å"What?† â€Å"After a year we simply stopped going.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"She stopped asking.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"I don't know. But maybe if you take an interest in Tiffany, ask her to run with you and maybe to go out to dinner a few times – maybe after a few weeks, she will grow tired of the chase and leave you alone. Let her get what she wants, and maybe she will not want it anymore. Understand?† I do understand, but cannot help asking, â€Å"Do you think that will really work?† And Cliff shrugs in a way that makes me believe it will.

buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay

buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay Introduction According to Hunt, Puglia, Puglia (2007), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is defined as a technology that makes use of electrostatic or electromagnetic coupling which is found in the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum, for the purpose of uniquely identifying an animal, person, or object. The use of RFID system has become very common in various industries because it has been found to be more efficient and effective than the barcode technology (Hunt, Puglia, Puglia, 2007). Unlike the barcode technology, RFID does not require close proximity and line of sight to identify RFID tags. The tags can be read even when they are within a carton or any other container, and with this technology numerous objects can be identified simultaneously. RFID is comprised of two main parts: a reader which consists of a transceiver and an antenna, and a tag which is known as a transponder (Hunt, Puglia, Puglia, 2007). By use of radio frequency waves, the antenna transmits a signal to activate the tag which in return transmits data back. The transponder contains the RF circuitry and data to be transmitted, and the transceiver transfers the data to a computer system (Paret, 2005). The transmitted data may provide location or identification information, or the specifics regarding the commodity tagged, like color, date of purchase, and price. Some products like drugs need additional network known as the Electronic Product Code (EPC) network (Maynor, 2006). The EPC identifies objects as unique entities and can enhance tracking of the product throughout its lifecycle (Maynor, 2006). This can always reveal the manufacturer of the tagged objects as well as their nature and condition. Many patients have been dying in hospitals because of medical errors that can be prevented (Brown, 2006). The health professionals need safer systems in hospitals to achieve their goals of treating patients successfully. RFID is very effective and efficient when dealing with health care issues such as accurate identification of patients, identification of specific drugs and apparatus, appropriate action of treatment, avoidance of theft, and avoidance of counterfeit drugs and apparatus (Brown, 2006). This paper is meant to show how radio frequency identification technology can contribute to establishing a smart hospital through reduction of errors, improvement of patient safety, and optimization of business processes (Rosenberg, 2006). RFID Compliant Hospital According to Rosenberg (2006), many actors and assets of the hospital facilities need to be tagged with the RFID tags. So that the RFID technology can be meaningful: the medical apparatus must contain specific RFID tags, and it will be very important if the manufacturers put the standardized tags into the apparatus; the caregivers, nurses, doctors and other members of the medical staff should put on a smart badge which stores their employee identity number; before admission, each patient should be given a wristband that has the RFID tag containing information such as the patients unique code and digital picture; medical histories for all patients and other crucial documents must contain RFID self-adhesive labels with a unique number; all packages for drugs should bear RFID labels and these tags should preferably comply with EPC; and the blood bags should contain RFID self-adhesive labels that hold a unique identifier and specific information regarding the type of blood (Brown, 2006). The application of the RFID technology can maximize the workflows, improve the care for patients, minimize the operating and unnecessary costs, reduce thefts, and avoid the misidentification of patients. Identification of patients According to Burke, Weill (2008), it has become common that many patients remain misidentified during medical treatment at hospitals and other medical institutions. Health professionals are concerned with this issue because identification errors may result in prescription of wrong drugs or wrong dosage which may lead to health complications of the patient or even death. This usually happens when the laboratory results for the first patient, are taken to be the results of the second patient who is suffering from a different disease altogether. Healthcare professionals have found RFID technology as a technique that will be used to reduce the clinical errors and improve productivity and administration (Rosenberg, 2006). All patients are given wristbands that contain RFID chips during the time of admission. The RFID chip contains the patients unique identity number and relevant medical data such as the blood type of the patient, for efficient and effective treatment (Burke, Weill, 2008 ). However, care should be taken to avoid disclosing patients medical records. This is achieved by storing patients medcal data in a more secure database and not in the RFID chip. The database links the relevant medical data to the patients unique identity. Through RFID technology, the patients can receive correct medication and in correct dosages (Brown, 2006). Blood tracking Patients have been transfused with wrong blood type which leads to agglutination of the patients blood in the circulatory system. This is as a result of misidentification of both the blood and the patient to be transfused. Errors in blood transfusion frequently result in death of the patients (Burke, Weill, 2008). Typically, blood transfusion errors occur during bedside check before transfusion. Studies have shown that errors in blood transfusion are common for surgical patients because of distraction and urgency (Rosenberg, 2006). Health professionals perform the bedside check by use of eye readable data which is unmanageable in operating theater. The surgical patients are usually unconscious and they may not be able to state their names. Bedside check during blood transfusion should be addressed by the RFID technology (Brown, 2006). This technology can be used to track the specific bags of blood for each patient to ensure the patients are transfused with the correct blood type. Th e RFID chip at the wristband contains the required information which corresponds with the information in the RFID self-adhesive label on the bag of blood. RFID self-adhesive labels contain unique identification numbers and the information of the blood type contained in the bag (Shepard, 2005). The identification numbers and information must be saved in a more secure database that contains details regarding the origin of blood and the intended patient. The data from the RFID chip on the bag must match with that in the RFID chip on the patients wristband before blood transfusion takes place (Rosenberg, 2006). Operating theatre The most common surgical errors that are reported involve surgery on the wrong site or part of the body, wrong patient, or improper surgical procedure (Rosenberg, 2006). RFID technology will be the best option to ensure that proper operations are done on the right individuals. This can be achieved when the patients are given wristband containing RFID tags on admission. The RFID chips in these tags contain the patients digital picture and relevant personal information (Ahson, 2008). The digital photo enables the concerned health professional to confirm that they are dealing with the right patient, while the electronic record enables them to perform the right procedure of treatment. Health professional are instantly warned by the RFID computer system if there is a mismatch. Therefore, the operating theatre is made more efficient and safer because of the RFID tagging. RFID technology significantly reduces the costs and mistakes that occur during surgery. Anti-Counterfeiting of Drugs A very serious issue that pharmaceutical companies and health care institutions are experiencing is the drug counterfeiting. The counterfeit drugs are dangerous to patients because they may contain harmful substances. It has been found that the pharmaceutical companies are losing millions of money to the counterfeiting companies every year (Burke, Weill, 2008). Manufacture of counterfeit drugs and medical facilities can be avoided by use of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions (Reyes, 2011). The drug manufacturers should pack the prescription drugs together with specific RFID tags before the drugs are ferried to hospitals and other medical institutions. In some cases, bottle, pallets and cases are manufactured with RFID tags which bear a unique number that is used to record the information regarding all transactions the product is involved in (Ahson, 2008). This gives an electronic lineage through the entire supply chain of the drug from the drug manufacturer to hospitals and other health care institutions (Reyes, 2011). According to Reyes (2011), most manufacturers, drug stores, wholesalers, hospitals, and small retailers have acquired the RFID system and they can be able to verify the authenticity of their products by checking the database of the manufacture through the web. According to Maynor (2006), it will be crucial for the packaging of some products such as drugs be associated with additional networks like the Electronic Product Code (EPC) network in hospitals. The EPC compliant hospitals can be able to identify original drugs as unique entities and can easily track the product throughout its lifecycle to ensure that it is the right drug (Maynor, 2006). This can always reveal the manufacturer of the tagged objects as well as their nature and condition. These measures ensure that patients are given appropriate medication for good results. Tracking Staff, Patients, Medical Equiipment and Medical Documents The RFID technology has been found very effective for the fast and automated tracking of animals, people and assets (Shepard, 2005). This quality makes hospitals and other health care institutions to use the technology for efficient and effective tracking. The RFID compliant hospital is equipped with transceivers and antennas at strategic points such as entrances of recovery rooms, operating theatres, exists of important corridors, medical libraries, and main doors (Rosenberg, 2006). Due to the fact that important medical documents and histories are RFID tagged, the asset tracking application such as the RFID Locator makes it possible to locate the documents. This will significantly reduce the loss of medical documents both for patients and for the medical institutions asset records. Therefore, this technology will avoid unnecessary costs as well disclosure of patients medical information (Rosenberg, 2006). Assets tracking application makes it very efficient to trace and locate patients as well as staff members within the premises of large hospital. This can improve the workflow of nurses, doctors and other hospital staff (Rosenberg, 2006). They can also be located in real time and this is very important in hospitals with huge buildings. The RFID technology introduces an accurate and efficient inventory system because the tagged medical equipment can be traced and located easily. According to Want (2006), many corporate have used the RFID technology for updating their inventories. The RFID technology has been found to reduce assets loss which is considered the most often positive consequence. Finally, the tracking is very significant in averting vices such as theft. Avoid Theft of Equipment Expensive and sophisticated equipment are purchased for use in hospitals and this calls for maximum security. Lots of medical equipment is stolen or misplaced within hospitals every year because most hospitals lack efficient locating and tracking techniques like the use of RFID tags and transceivers (Rosenberg, 2006). Before the stolen equipments are declared as stolen, employees will be required to search for the equipments everywhere within the premises and in the neighboring environment which wastes many hours. Some employees may also be required to re-order for the missing equipment and therefore they will be diverted from management tasks or patient care for some hours. Therefore, the misplaced or stolen equipment may waste many other resources such as time, apart from money. The use of RFID technology will be the most effective way to avoid this issue of stealing or misplacing the medical equipment in hospitals and other medical institutions (Rosenberg, 2006). When the medical equipment contains the RFID tags, they can be tracked and traced easily which can save time and money for additional investment (Want, 2006). This can significantly reduce the risks of thefts because the technical staff will be aware of every apparatus exact location within the hospital premises. RFID tagging can be useful in identifying the stolen equipment and materials just like it can be used to detect the counterfeit equipment as well as drugs. If RFID tags are put at various points within the hospital premises like the main gate, they can help alerting the security personnel that medical materials and equipment stolen from the premises (Want, 2006). Earlier actions will then be taken to retain the medical equipment and avoid incurring unnecessary costs in re-ordering them. It has been found that the equipment and materials with more RFID tags will be detected easily therefore minimizing the chances of being stolen. Numerous RFID tags ensure that the thief canno t remove all the tags. It is also very important for the equipment to be manufactured with inbuilt RFID chips so that the thieves cannot be able to remove them (Yang, Rida, Tentzeris, 2009). Conclusion It is very critical to successfully manage large medical institutions like hospitals without employing advent technologies such as the Internet and RFID systems. These technologies can help reduce or avoid various problems that occur more often in hospitals other medical institutions. Some of these issues include accurate identification of patients, identification of specific drugs and apparatus, appropriate action of treatment, avoidance of theft in hospitals, and avoidance of counterfeit drugs and apparatus. RFID technology has been found very effective when dealing with these issues. Lives of many individuals have been saved because of better identification techniques, availability of enough medical facilities which are not stolen, doctors can be traced in real-time, and because the counterfeit drugs have been avoided due to RFID tagging. Therefore, RFID technology is a necessity for improved health services to patients. Buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay

The Irony of Liberation essays

The Irony of Liberation essays Though this paper had a few punctuation problems, I made a B+ on it and this is a sophmore level class. The Irony of Liberation When the liberators came, they came with hope of eliminating the torture and inhumanity the Nazi Germans were imposing on the Jews. Men and women came with the hope of releasing victims from the evil claw that had grasped Jews for so long. Some liberators came with the idea that the Jews would be given a new life, a life of freedom. However, freedom was far from what Jews were given after liberation. To the many Jews, who stood on the other side of the barbed wire fence, liberation was not a time to celebrate. Yet, it was a time to try to pick up what particles of life that remained. As Lucille Eichengreen explains in her testimonial story of liberation day, liberation was not about freedom. It was expected that there would be casualties of war. U.S and Russian army men had seen victims of war before[,] [RO] and nothing could be shocking. Or could it? As army men approached the barbed wire fences, many gasped in horror, turned their heads, and some men became sick. With their fingers ringed tightly around metal threads, Jewish souls stood, gazing at young healthy men. Empty eyes gazed back at these young and healthy bodies, bodies that were an inadvertent insult to the half-living. Time was motionless at one moment, and fast-forwarded the next. After all that had happened, were these victims really free? Was it a time to celebrate? Where would they go now? Who would take them? Much less, who would believe that such inhumanity happened? The looks received by nurses were not looks that showed sympathy, nor compassion, but instead offered back the images of Nazi ideology; the idea that Jews were filthy, weak and feeble people. And they were, but not by their own free will . Though color seemed to be restored as liberators approached, it also brought back the color of emotions. For s ...

Computer and Internet Terms in Spanish

Computer and Internet Terms in Spanish If you travel to a country where Spanish is spoken, chances are that sooner or later youll be using a computer, probably to use the Internet, or possibly for study or business. For English speakers, the Spanish of computers and the Internet can be surprisingly easy - in areas of technology, many English words have been adopted into Spanish, and many English words in the sciences come to us via Latin or Greek, also sources of Spanish words. Even so, Spanish vocabulary related to computers and the Internet remains in a state of flux: Some purists have objected to the direct import of English words, so while sometimes a computer mouse will be referred to simply as a mouse (pronounced as maus), sometimes the word ratà ³n is used. And some words are used in different ways by different people and publications; for example, youll see references both to la Internet (because of the word for the network, red, is feminine) and el Internet (because new words in the language typically are masculine by default). And frequently internet is left uncapitalized. These qualifications should be kept in mind if using the following list of computer and Internet terms. Although the terms given here are all used by Spanish speakers somewhere, the word choice may depend on the region and the preference of the individual speaker. In some cases, there also may be alternatives or spellings that arent listed here. In most cases, imported English words related to technology tend to keep the English pronunciation or something approximating it. Spanish Computer Terms A-L address (in email or on a website) - la direccià ³napp  -   la  app (the word is feminine), la aplicacià ³nat symbol () - la arrobabackslash (\) - la barra invertida, la barra inversa, la contrabarrabackup - la copia de seguridad (verb, hacer una copia/archivo de seguridad)bandwidth - la amplitud de bandabattery - la pilabookmark - el favorito, el marcador, el marcapginasboot (verb)  -   iniciar,  prender, encenderbrowser - el navegador (web), el browserbug - el fallo, el error, el bugbutton (as on a mouse) - el botà ³nbyte, kilobyte, megabyte - byte, kilobyte, megabytecable - el cablecache  -   el cachà ©, la memoria cachecard - la tarjetaCD-ROM - CD-ROMclick (noun) - el clicclick (verb) - hacer clic, cliquear, presionar, pulsarcomputer - la computadora (sometimes el computador), el ordenadorcookie (used in browsers)  -   la cookiecrash (verb)  -   colgarse, bloquearsecursor - el cursorcut and paste - cortar y pegardata - los datosdesk top (of a computer screen) - el escritorio, la pantalladigital - digitaldomain - el dominiodot (in Internet addresses) - el puntodownload - descargardriver - el controlador de dispositivo, el driveremail (noun)  - el correo electrà ³nico, el email (plural los emails)email (verb)  -   enviar correo electrà ³nico, enviar por correo electrà ³nico, emailearerase, delete - borrarfile - el archivofirewall  -   el contrafuegos, el firewallflash memory - la memoria flashfolder - la carpetafrequently asked questions, FAQ - las preguntas ms frecuentes, las preguntas de uso frecuente, las preguntas (ms) comunes, las FAQ, las PUFGoogle (as a verb)  -   googlearhard drive - el disco durohertz, megahertz, gigahertz - hertz, megahertz, gigahertzhigh resolution - resolucià ³n alta, definicià ³n altahome page - la pgina inicial, la pgina principal, la portadaicon - el iconoinstall - instalarInternet - la internet, el internet, la Redkey (of a keyboard) - la tec lakeyboard - el tecladokeyword - la palabra clavelaptop (computer) - el plegable, la computadora porttil, el ordenador porttilLCD - LCDlink - el enlace, la conexià ³n, el và ­nculo Spanish Computer Terms M-Z memory - la memoriamenu - el menà ºmessage - el mensajemodem - el mà ³demmouse - el ratà ³n, el mousemultitasking - la multitareanetwork - la redopen-source  -   de cà ³digo abiertooperating system - el sistema operativo, el cà ³digo operacionalpassword - la contraseà ±aprint (verb) - imprimirprinter - la impresoraprivacy; privacy policy  -   la privacidad; la polà ­tica de privacidad, la pà ³liza de privacidadprocessor - el procesadorprogram - el programa (verb, programar)RAM - la RAM, la memoria RAMsave (a file or document) - guardarscreen - la pantallascreensaver - el salvapantallassearch engine - el buscador, el servidor de bà ºsquedaserver - el servidorslash (/) - la barra, la barra oblicuasoftware - el softwaresmartphone  -   el telà ©fono inteligente, el smartphonespam - el correo basura, el spamstreaming - streamingtab (in a browser)  -   la pestaà ±aterms and conditions  -   los tà ©rminos y condicionestoolbar - la barr a de herramientasUSB, USB port - USB, puerto USBvideo - el videovirus - el virusweb page - la pgina web (plural las pginas web)website - el web (plural los webs), el sitio web (plural los sitios web)Wi-Fi  - el wifiwindow - la ventanawireless - inalmbrico

Effects of Advertising and Promotion on Purchasing Behavior of Essay

Effects of Advertising and Promotion on Purchasing Behavior of Chocolate Consumers in India - Essay Example During the contemporary period, companies operate in a highly competitive environment where they strive to gain competitive advantage over others in order to generate more profits. It is imperative for every organisation to carry out market research in order to gain knowledge about the customer needs with the aim of attracting new customers. However, the purchasing behavior of consumers is influenced by various factors and it is the company’s duty to portray its products in the best way that would appeal to many customers. Whilst there are various tools that are used to market different products to the consumers, advertising and promotion are often regarded as the most effective to organizations operating in a market that is characterized by high competition. It should also be noted that different people live in different regions of the world and they have diverse views about particular products and the company offering similar products to those offered by other organizations ought to be able to sustain competition through offering unique product information that would make it a preferred choice compared to others. It is against this background that the following study seeks to investigate how advertising and promotion strategies could change the purchasing behavior of the chocolate consumers in India. The study will particularly focus on two leading chocolate manufacturing companies namely Cadbury India and Nestle India whose several chocolate products are used by millions of consumers in India.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 197

Essay Example The blacks wanted the power and freedom to determine their own destiny. They believed that the black community was not free until they had the power to determine their own destiny. The party leaders also pushed for full employment of the black people. They believed that it was the duty and responsibility of the federal government to ensure that each man gets employment and is guaranteed a reasonable income. They did not believe in working for the white American businessmen since they believed that doing so would lead to oppression and discrimination. The Black Panther advocates also pushed for restitution for slave labor. They believed that the government has been robbing the blacks by exercising unfair treatment and as a result they were demanding an overdue debt as restitution for slave labor and mass murder of the black community. They also pushed for proper and adequate housing. They believed that the white landlords would not give proper housing and so there was a need for the government to build decent housing for its people. Education was also key in this party. The blacks believed that a man without real knowledge of the society, has little chance of survival. They therefore advocated for education that teaches black history. Blacks also demanded that they should be excluded from military service. They believed that they should not be forced to fight for a racist government that is not protective. Besides, they demanded an instantaneous end of police brutality and murder of the black fraternity. They believed that they could organize and form self-defense troops that would enable them to protect the blacks against violent racist police. Consequently, they also demanded that when brought to trial, blacks should be tried by a jury of their own race as defined by the constitution. Finally, they demanded freedom for all black prisoners held in American prisons and jails. This is because

Human Resources Quiz Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Resources Quiz - Assignment Example The value to the organization is encouraged and motivated employees if positive feedback is offered that can lead to better competitive advantage and human capital development. It builds productivity in worker groups and promotes teamwork if performance is linked with reward or discipline systems. Performance management helps leaders and managers identify better methods for improving motivation and loyalty and also sets important standards for how to reach important long-term goals and satisfy the corporate mission. The value for the individual is better cooperative behaviors that build teamwork, better relationships with the human resources manager and line managers, and gives them opportunities to develop skills. Results-based rewards can build self-confidence and esteem. If the job criteria is clearly listed and they understand, through the performance management system, how to reach goals, the employee will feel valued and more empowered. Question 2 The term business is behavior means that in order for a company to be successful, it relies on the talents, ambitions and productivity of workers. Employees need to have a positive attitude in areas of customer service and in terms of their relationships with co-workers and management staff. ... Unbreakable behavior laws are those behaviors that do not change over time and have to do with human behavior internally. There are fundamental inherent beliefs that do not change as related to culture and background that are created by family or lifestyle that will not change without significant effort on behalf of the business leaders, therefore considered unbreakable. Behavior is key to quality because of the many outputs that a business relies on to be successful in achieving its goals. Quality means satisfying customers, making sure their jobs are performed properly the first time, and even in relation to training packages. Employees who are not motivated will exhibit poor behaviors and the quality of their work will be lessened. Therefore, human resource managers must try to satisfy employees with appraisal-based rewards or simply improving their job environment so that they remain loyal. Without these elements, there is no quality outputs. Question 3 Pinpointing is a precision effort to identify specific goals or targets and then setting about the task of developing programs to support what has been discovered through this research. It is an exacting science of understanding in exacting detail the behaviors that one wants to be able to influence. Pinpointing is ensuring that the human resources manager does not get off track and develops only the type of training or development needed to reach a very specific goal. For example, if a company needed to reduce costs in the customer service call center, they would only target this division and focus on job roles at the individual level to identify areas where savings can be found. It prevents duplicating efforts and helps to remain specific before developing an appropriate program of action. Pinpointing applies

An effective business plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

An effective business plan - Essay Example In order to attract a wide variety of customers, it is vital to have an image of the cars that are to be hired. In this fast globalising environment, the cars that need hiring are personal that are capable of running for many miles. These include personal cars that can accommodate a fairly large amount of individuals. Nowadays, individuals are keen on having the fun day out while visiting different areas. Having a car hire service that can address these needs is fundamental in the business’s growth. It is vital to understand their needs so as to have the right car to provide the customer (Barringer 2008).The sort of cars  Many young couples are interested in cars that are out for their interests. This means that; they want cars that are trendy and lavish to match the new lifestyle (Barringer 2008). The common vehicle models from popular vehicle industries are the right cars for the job. This is if they want cars for pleasure. In the event they need cars that are for business , there are also a variety of them around to fulfil this desire. The price of hiring these cars might range depending on the make and model of the car.The different assortment of cars may offer customers a variety to choose from, and their availability may make the business a top choice among clients. Everyone, in this day and age, wants to be affiliated with a posh lifestyle. To address this desire, cars that are cheap, but look desirable and lavish, are likely to be present. (Barringer 2008).... Having a car hire service that can address these needs is fundamental in the business’s growth. It is vital to understand their needs so as to have the right car to provide the customer (Barringer 2008). The sort of cars Many young couples are interested in cars that are out for their interests. This means that; they want cars that are trendy and lavish to match the new lifestyle (Barringer 2008). The common vehicle models from popular vehicle industries are the right cars for the job. This is if they want cars for pleasure. In the event they need cars that are for business, there are also a variety of them around to fulfil this desire. The price of hiring these cars might range depending on the make and model of the car. The different assortment of cars may offer customers a variety to choose from, and their availability may make the business a top choice among clients. Everyone, in this day and age, wants to be affiliated with a posh lifestyle. To address this desire, cars t hat are cheap, but look desirable and lavish, are likely to be present. They all serve the same purpose, and the customer ends up feeling gratified with the selection they have made. Toyota’s Premio is an example that might serve this purpose. However, having a variety of the Toyota product is an exceptional idea, especially for customers who want bigger cars for their activities (Barringer 2008). The rates to be charged The rates of hiring the cars are likely to range. This is because not all the cars are the same. The power most of the cars exhibit may set these cars and the rates apart from each other. The rates at which the Mercedes and Toyota models in the business go for cannot be the same. The presence of these varieties of cars presents the clients and customers with

Impact of Employee Participation in Decision Making on Job Research Proposal

Impact of Employee Participation in Decision Making on Job Satisfaction - Research Proposal Example to these public enterprises to comply the governance code by ensuring that these enterprises are directed and managed at board and management level in a fair and transparent manner. The Corporate Governance Code encourages these enterprises to create value through innovation and development, implement effective control systems and increase accountability and transparency. The general public has a very high expectation for the services rendered by these enterprises. Therefore, these enterprises should give special emphasis on maintaining quality in their services and delivering the services on timely basis. Failure to provide the services up to the expectations of the public would hinder their trust and confidence on these enterprises. For the Maldives public enterprises to survive and to sustain in this turbulent and bombarded economic and business environment, collective and joint efforts of management and employees are vitally important. The participation of employees in organizational decision making in these enterprises and the incorporation of employees opinions and suggestions in formulating company policies and strategies are paramount important to achieve the competitive advantage over the competitors. Participative decision making in these enterprises would enhance job satisfaction thereby ultimately achieving higher organizational performance. When employees are given some degree of autonomy in their work, they will design their work such in a way that it will produce the best result, mutually benefitting the enterprises and the employees. Enterprises are benefitted by achieving higher productivity in employees’ work while employees are benefitted by achieving job satisfaction. Further, employees’ will feel that they are part of the enterprises and will have a sense of belongingness to the enterprises. This will result the retaining of skilled employees due to the employees job satisfaction and establishment of quality work life in these

Information Security Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10500 words

Information Security Master - Essay Example IT security policies in the private sector are also reviewed. In part II (3.0 -- 3.7) we shall focus attention on plans and efforts to implement the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) by the computer security division of NIST. NIST has created what it describes as the "FISMA Implementation Project" which NIST has broken down into three phases. Phase I discusses security standards and Guidelines, Phase II delves into organizational accreditation program while phase III is called the Security Tool Validation Program. We review too Department of Defense (DoD) security certification and accreditation (DITSCAP) program. We take a look too at funding sources for implementing FISMA and how the private sectors are reacting to FISMA. Part III of this thesis (4.0 - 5.0) takes a deep look at the impact of FISMA in federal government agencies and departments and compliance efforts. We examine a few case studies and then move on to look at the private sector compliance initiatives, including software produced by the private sector software industry to help government agencies and departments achieve compliance easily We link how the various policies, circulars and presidential executive orders shaped management of information and information systems in the federal government. Our methodology is to link how the various policies, circulars and presidential executive orders shaped management of information and information systems in the federal government. We analyze the US Government Accounting Office (GAO, 2006) report and the House 'FISMA Report Card' (Federal Computer Security Grades: 2001 -2005) In the Thesis conclusion we show that FISMA has infact reduced the risk, albeit slowly, to information security in Federal

Impact of Employee Participation in Decision Making on Job Research Proposal

Impact of Employee Participation in Decision Making on Job Satisfaction - Research Proposal Example to these public enterprises to comply the governance code by ensuring that these enterprises are directed and managed at board and management level in a fair and transparent manner. The Corporate Governance Code encourages these enterprises to create value through innovation and development, implement effective control systems and increase accountability and transparency. The general public has a very high expectation for the services rendered by these enterprises. Therefore, these enterprises should give special emphasis on maintaining quality in their services and delivering the services on timely basis. Failure to provide the services up to the expectations of the public would hinder their trust and confidence on these enterprises. For the Maldives public enterprises to survive and to sustain in this turbulent and bombarded economic and business environment, collective and joint efforts of management and employees are vitally important. The participation of employees in organizational decision making in these enterprises and the incorporation of employees opinions and suggestions in formulating company policies and strategies are paramount important to achieve the competitive advantage over the competitors. Participative decision making in these enterprises would enhance job satisfaction thereby ultimately achieving higher organizational performance. When employees are given some degree of autonomy in their work, they will design their work such in a way that it will produce the best result, mutually benefitting the enterprises and the employees. Enterprises are benefitted by achieving higher productivity in employees’ work while employees are benefitted by achieving job satisfaction. Further, employees’ will feel that they are part of the enterprises and will have a sense of belongingness to the enterprises. This will result the retaining of skilled employees due to the employees job satisfaction and establishment of quality work life in these

Nursing Theory - Transcultural Nursing Assignment

Nursing Theory - Transcultural Nursing - Assignment Example The research presents that it is more of a surface view of nursing without the practical application, the periscope view. Nursing practice is the fine tuning of all that has been studied and theorized into a microscopic view and applied to the reality of patient care. All three aspects of nursing are equally important and must continually be refined and researched to provide best practices for all patients everywhere. As the essay stresses there are three basic approaches to nursing theory which each describe the scope of nursing theory. Nursing knowledge is very similar to looking through a telescope; there are many conceptual theories which provide insight, however lack the empirical testing to prove them. Nursing as a discipline is considered a mid-range theory in that it somewhat bridges the gap between the grand theories and the actual nursing practice; much as looking through a periscope would provide a view for the world around us. Nursing as a professional practice gives the most in-depth view of all, providing practical solutions and information to help direct nursing interventions and outcomes, much like looking through a microscope. There are four basic paradigms that comprise a nursing theory: the person, the environment, the health, and the nursing. Each of these has associated with it various concepts, assumptions, and definitions. The view through the telescope takes the big picture , the Grand theory, and researches the concepts and constructs. This produces a proposition that connects the theory to knowledge gained, providing a surface view of the potential for nursing application. This proposition leads to a conceptual model which further defines and refines the practical application of this theory to give a microscopic view of the theory in action. (Current Nursing, 2011) The entire concept of nursing theory works as a circular phenomenon. Grand theories are postulated to improve nursing practice. It is for this reason that nursing research is ongoing to provide the knowledge and insight to help direct practice and effect outcomes. They predict and explain information that is crucial to outcomes that maximize potential for quality nursing care and cost effectiveness. They also help assess and improved practice by providing criteria for measuring outcomes and rationales for nursing practice. This research yields information, conclusions and recommendations f or practical nursing applications. (Life Nurses, 2009) Nursing knowledge is the bridge between the theory and practical applications of nursing. It is an area of common ground that helps give definition to the profession as distinguishing it from other professions. It provides the answer to â€Å"why† nurses perform certain actions, as well as â€Å"how† they do them. It allows nurses to question practices and redefine care to act based on criteria and rationale that have a sound base in nursing research. Nursing knowledge gives nurses

The Challenger Address Essay Example for Free

The Challenger Address Essay Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th United States President after winning against the Democratic Challenger Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Reagan won by attaining 50. 7% of the popular votes in that particular election. It can be said that the beginning of his term was not that pleasing. On his first year of term, he fired 11,345 air traffic controllers who, according to him violated the regulation of the government that prohibits unions from striking. Also, it had been said that unemployment in the United States increases to 10. 8%, which is greater than any time since the great depression during his first year in position. However, this percentage dropped during the rest of his presidency. It can also be said that after his first term, Reagan gained the respect and trust of the American people by being nominated for the second time as the president of the United States on the 1985 presidential election in which he was elected by landslide, having unprecedented number of votes. It was also said that during his years of presidency, restoration of prosperity was viewed by the people as well as global peace. It was also in the year 1986 that the income tax code was revised by Reagan wherein millions of people with low income were exempted. The year 1986 is not just a year of development in terms of social conditions in the United States; it was also a time wherein space exploration was greatly admired. By that time there had been several developments and expeditions that can be considered successful. Thus, the people especially Americans were very enthusiast to explore and to achieve greater heights in terms of space travel and exploration. However, this year was also a tragic time for the space exploration era when the Space Shuttle Challenger explodes a short while after lifting off, leaving none of the seven crews alive on January 28, 1986. The public was shocked at what they witnessed. Also, by that time, President Reagan was planning to deliver a speech to the American people but was compelled by the tragedy of the Challenger. Thus, President Reagan delivered a speech concerning the accident rather than the one that he intended to deliver to the people. This speech was well known as the â€Å"Challenger Address†. The accident had a great impact in the American people. The main reason was stated by the president himself in his â€Å"Challenger Addressed†. There had been a history in space exploration wherein lives were lost, three of them. The accident happened around 19 years before the Challenger tragedy. Although there had been cases of death regarding space exploration, the fact that the tragedy happen in mid air shocked the Americans and the whole world as well. There had never been any accident regarding space exploration that happened a few seconds after the shuttle’s takeoff. Two interpretations can be given why the speech of President Reagan was known as the â€Å"Challenger Addressed†. The first is, it was given that title since the shuttle was named Challenger. However, looking at the contents of the â€Å"Challenger Addressed†, it can be said the word Challenger does not refer to the name of the shuttle but rather to the contents and message of the speech. The president is challenging the nation to continue their search and to never lose heart in space exploration because of the Challenger accident. There had been several components of the speech that makes it effective and appealing to the American people. The very first part of the speech that Reagan used to encourage the people to pursue space explorations was by calling the astronauts heroes, Reagan stated, â€Å"We mourn seven heroes† (Reagan, 1986). He also states that the astronauts were well aware of the dangers that they must face but have overcome it. The president also showed his sympathy with the people especially the family of the astronauts. In order to gain the sympathy and heart of the people, they must know that you are one with them, in spirit and emotions. President Reagan expressed his anguish and mourned not only with the families of the astronauts but with the whole nation as well. At the beginning of his speech, President Reagan sympathized and mourned with the nation in order to appeal to them. However, his tone was developed in the succeeding paragraphs, from appealing to encouraging. He did this by saying, â€Å"The future doesn’t belong to the fainthearted; it belongs to the brave† (Reagan. 1986). These statements surely challenged the people at that time. The impact of the tragedy was reduced in an instant. The president also stated his desire to talk to the people of NASA and to tell and show them that their efforts are well appreciated as well as their sacrifices and bravery and encourage them to pursue their search despite the Challenger accident. Another part of the â€Å"Challenge Address† was the story of Sir Francis Drake, a great explorer who lived by the sea and died on it. President Reagan uses parallelism to connect the present situation into another situation in the past. Thus, those who died in the tragedy are compared to and are paralleled with Drake that creates a good impression for the seven crews of the Challenger. Just as Drake was considered a great man, they too are considered heroes and great explorers. President Reagan ends his speech by saying that the memories of the seven crews will never be forgotten. Thus, showing that they are valued as well as their sacrifices and hard work will never be in vain. This was also important in order to encourage the youth in pursuing to be an astronaut because of the fear that was established by the Challenger accident. It is important to know that your hard work is acknowledge by the society in general in order to be motivated and to pursue a certain career. One of the main factors why the speech was effective was the image, personality and credibility of the speaker. Being the president that time, people will surely listen to what the Reagan has to say. However, in terms of astronomical knowledge and the risk and sacrifices needed on being an astronaut, he cannot be considered a pro. There will surely be different sides of the address; it may either encourage the audience while others may see that the President was in no position to make such address. In every issue, there is always a positive and as well a negative aspect. However, it can be said that President Reagan was able to really challenge the people to search for greater achievements in terms of space exploration and taking the Challenger tragedy as a part of reaching greater knowledge and understanding of the universe, that every quest has its own risk as well as sacrifices that has to be overcome to really success in that particular area. The occasion or the time in which a speech was delivered was also a very important factor for a speech to be effective. The â€Å"Challenger Speech† will not have the same impact if it was delivered without such event, the Challenger tragedy, happening. Thus, the situation or the tragedy is a very big factor why the address made by President Reagan caught the attention of many people by that time and as well as the attention and interest of the people in the contemporary time. There are a lot of things that has to be considered in order to make an effective speech of which four components are primary; the speaker, the audience, the occasion and of course, the speech itself. It can be said that the â€Å"Challenger Address† by former President Reagan is effective because these components had been addressed properly. The speaker is credible enough for the people to listen to what he has to say as well as the occasion needed to gain the attention and interest of the audience. Of course, the audiences were concerned about the situation because of the impact of the tragedy. And of course, the speech itself was well made, something that is expected for a United States President. References Michigan State University Libraries. (No Date). Space exploration. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. lib. msu. edu/publ_ser/docs/displays/Displaymarch03. html. Reagan, R. (1986). The space shuttle ‘challenger’ tragedy address. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. americanrhetoric. com/speeches/ronaldreaganchallenger. htm. The White House. (No Date). President Ronald Reagan 1911-2004. Retrieved January 30, 2008 from http://www. whitehouse. gov/history/presidents/rr40. html.

Fault-zone Properties and Earthquake Rupture

Fault-zone Properties and Earthquake Rupture INTRODUCTION Geological structures, specifically faults play a substantial role in the qualitative and quantitative aspects of hydrogeological processes (Bense, et al., 2006). Fault zones in the earth shallow crust ( A first-order description of fault zones commonly includes a fault core, which is surrounded by a damage zone from the hydrogeological perspective. The fault core, as the zone of the most intense strain, is generally found in the center of the fault zone, and identified the most of the displacement within the fault zone. Fault cores in different rocks are commonly zones of fault gouge and breccias (Evans and Chester, 1995; Caine et al., 1996; Evans et al., 1997). The damage zone has secondary structures such as minor faults and fractures extending into the foot wall and hanging wall, which take up the rest of strain within the fault zone (Bense, et al., 2013). The fault core and damage zone are surrounded by protolith that is relatively undeformed units which may contain joints not primarily related to the fault zone, and exists as a background deformation pattern (Forster and Evans, 1991; Caine and Forster, 1999). The main hydrogeologic properties of fault zones are believed to be highly anisotropic. Vertical or near-vertical faults are commonly described as being either conduits for horizontal flow along the fault, barriers to horizontal flow across the fault, or a combination of the both respect to the fault core conditions (Anderson and Bakker, 2008). The faulting mechanism and movement type is a significant parameter in the hydrogeological behavior of faults. Normal faults with tension mechanism have a greater ability to groundwater movement and conversely, reverse faults with compressive mechanism, are not proper pathways for groundwater flow. Reverse faults and strike slip faults generated by compression forces, so can act as an impermeable barrier against groundwater movement across the fault (Goldscheider, 2008). Various fault processes can reduce the permeability of the fault core and cause fault to behave as an impermeable barrier against groundwater flow in unlithified sediments. Tectonic sediment mixing in fault zones generally leads to a notable reduction of permeability (Faerseth, 2006; Rawling and Goodwin, 2006; Caine and Minor, 2009; Balsamo and Storti, 2011). The physical mixing of sediments with contrasting grain-size distributions can be expected to result in a more poorly sorted sediment mixture than any of the source beds, and for this reason sediment mixing leads to the efficient reduction of pore space and permeability in the fault zone. The degree to which permeability is reduced as a result of sediment mixing in unlithified sediments will depend on the contrast in permeability between the end-member beds. Heynekamp et al. (1999) report a reduction in permeability of up to six orders of magnitude as compared to the original sand layer, where sandy clay form in the fault zone a s a result of mixing between sand and clay layers along the Sand Hill fault zone in New Mexico, USA. The latter study further illustrates that mixing, from relatively homogeneous source layers, causes strong permeability heterogeneity in the fault zone because of incomplete sediment mixing. In addition to permeability heterogeneity, permeability anisotropy can be expected to be present in fault zones as a result of rotation of bladed sediment grains. Grains aligning preferably with the main fault dip have been observed in both lab-experiments on loose sands, and in naturally faulted sediments ranging from sand to gravel (Bense, et al., 2013). At the grain scale, the increased tortuosity of flow paths across the fault as a result of the realignment of oblate grains in the direction of the fault dip results in permeability anisotropy so that perpendicular to the shear zone, permeability can be up to two orders of magnitude lower than along it (Arch and Maltman, 1990). Where clay minerals are present in the sediment matrix, phyllosilicate framework bands will develop along which platy clay minerals orient in the direction of the fault zone andwill so facilitate the sliding of grains past one another possibly reducing grain breakage (Fossen et al., 2007). Clay smears often develop along fault zones cutting through clay beds. The focus onclay smear exists mainly because of their potential to efficient block across fault fluid flow (Bense and Van Balen, 2004). Clay smears have been described in stratigraphies characterized by unlithified sediments consisting of sand–clay alternations (Yielding et al., 1997). Cataclasis in unlithified sediments is the pervasive brittle fracturing and commination of grains (Engelder, 1974;Chester and Logan, 1986; Blenkinsop, 1991;Davis and Reynolds, 1996). The effectiveness of cataclasis occurring in unlithified sediments varies as function of grain composition, relatively weaker grains such as feldspars can be entirely crushed while stronger quartz grains show low intensity cataclasis characterized by the flaking of grains rather than their entire disintegration by crushing (Loveless et al., 2011; Exner and Tschegg, 2012). Permeability along cataclastic deformation bands in unlithified sediments with clay content is typically reduced more strongly, as compared to undeformed sediments, which is demonstrated by many field and laboratory permeability tests (Antonellini and Aydin, 1994;Fisher and Knipe, 2001). Permeability along cataclastic deformation bands is often anisotropic with the largest reduction in permeability perpendicular to the deformation band (Antonellini and Aydin, 1994; Sigda et al., 1999). Fluids carrying reactive solutes circulating through fault zones potentially can reduce permeability as a result of water–rock interaction and cementation (Zhang et al., 2008). To study the influence of the North Tabriz Fault (NTF) on the adjacent groundwater aquifer in Ammand area, the geologic information reported by the Geological Survey of Iran (1996), along with the hydrostratigraphic characteristic of aquifer drives from 57 well logs, were investigated. Well log data employed to correlate the sedimentary layers in order to clarify the type and structure of the region aquifers. Groundwater level and electrical conductivity (EC) of the groundwater samples have been measured in site. Finally, groundwater level isopotential lines along with flow directions and some hydrochemical analysis of 57 water sample were employed to prepare suitable maps which revealed the impact of the fault on the surrounding aquifer. THE STUDY AREA The Ammand area is located in the northwest of Iran and in the northwest of Tabriz City (Fig. 1). The Tabriz City is one of the large cities of Iran with more than 1.5 million inhabitants (Moradi, et al. 2011). The study area with 297 mm of average annual precipitation and 12.5oC of average annual temperature has a cold and dry climate according to Emberger classification method. Groundwater of this area as the main source of water supply was exploited for drinking and agriculture purposes. This area was crossed by a large and active fault (North Tabriz Fault) which belongs to the complex system that connects the North Anatolian fault system, located in Turkey, to the Alborz mountain range in Iran and accommodates both the northward motion of Arabia and the westward motion of Anatolia plates relative to Eurasia plate (Moradi, et al. 2011). The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the North Tabriz fault on the hydrogeological characteristic of the surrounding aquifer. GEOLOGICALSETTING The present-day tectonics of Iran is mainly the result of the complex tectonic system due to motion between the Arabian and Eurasia plates (Djamour, et al., 2011). The Tabriz area is part of the complex tectonic system result of the interaction between Arabia, Anatolia and Eurasia plates and comprising the complex system of faults (Sengoret al., 2005; McKenzie, 1972; Jackson, 1992). The North Tabriz Fault (NTF) is the most outstanding tectonic structure in the northwest of Iran with right lateral fault mechanism (Fig. 1). It is one of the most active faults in Iran which has a clear surface expression in most part of its length (Hesami, et al., 2003). It has an average strike of NW-SE over a length of more than 150 km and appears to be generally close to vertical in dip (Vafaei, et al., 2011).Right-lateral movement along this fault, documented by Berberian and Arshadi (1976) from the study of aerial photographs, which also can be seen clearly in the field (Karakhanian et al., 2004).NTF lineament in the area is easily recognizable in Miocene units (Fig. 2). Variety of geological formations around the study area according to their rocks composition and the effects of geological phenomena such as North Tabriz fault have contributed as the main role in the appearance of the area current morphology and hydrogeological characteristics of the area aquifers. Geological units of the area are consists of Pliocene gray Dacite in the north, Miocene gypsiferous red marl and sandstone layers that surrounding the area, Quaternary Travertine deposits in central part, which all of these formations have been covered by Quaternary alluvial fan deposits in most part of the area (Fig. 2).

Dreams in Harlem by Langston Hughes Essay -- Harlem, Langston Hughes

"Harlem" by Langston Hughes uses similes in everyday life to make sense of what can happen to a deferred dream. There are many different possible outcomes. Harlem has been known, prior to the twentieth century for being an African American community stricken with crime and poverty. Now it is a booming cultural and business center and they are experiencing a social and economic renaissance. The poem mentions in the first line a deferred dream (line 1). A dream that is postponed or delayed, and asks what happens to that dream. There are many things that could become of it, such as it drying up like a raisin in the sun, (lines 2 and 3) as if cramping up to be something dry of the hope and deliciousness it once had. But nevertheless it still exists. It could also mean that the dream is perfected by sitting for a while in a person’s heart like a sun dried raisin is perfected by being in the sun. The deferred dream could fester like a sore (lines 4 and 5) bubbling up in someone’s mind and expanding, then busting and running out. This dream could slowly leak out and then be gone, but ...

Pidgins and Creoles Essay

Note to the Customer I’m sorry the essay cannot be revised as you say. It was an urgent order, so books could not be found. Moreover, you didn’t say that you wanted a critical analysis of the pidgins and Creoles. Revisions are only possible if the writer fails to follow the original instructions. In your next order please mention that you would like books to be used, and whether the discussion should be descriptive or analytical. Best regards, Pidgins and Creoles A pidgin is defined as a language that has been simplified from at least two different languages.   Referred to as a contact language, a pidgin may be used by those who do not originate in a given geographical area and must therefore develop a common language to be spoken in the area.   All the same, pidgin is used sparingly.   Its structure is rather simplistic.   Seeing that it serves a â€Å"simplistic purpose,† a pidgin dies out rather easily (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997). If people manage to use a pidgin for a long time, however, the contact language is expected to become richer and more complex in terms of vocabulary and structure.   In that case, the pidgin is said to have evolved.   Children may learn the evolved pidgin as their very first language or mother tongue.   If this happens, the pidgin has managed to turn into a Creole.   An example of a Creole is Tok Pisin, a language of Papua New Guinea, which was a pidgin before it turned into a national language (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997). Stafford notes that pidgins and Creoles are mostly used in third world nations because of the dramatic changes in the social and political environment experienced by the communities there.   Moreover, most of the pidgins and Creoles in the developing regions, for example, in South East Asia, are based on languages of Europe.   English, French, and Spanish are very much associated with the pidgins and Creoles of the third world.   This is because Europeans had spent time a great deal of time in the developing world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pidgins are often created for communication between immigrants and natives or missionaries and locals (Stafford).   As the pidgin evolves, the contact language develops its own grammatical rules.   Typically it is the children who must get together to formulate grammatical rules for the pidgin that they have accepted as their first language.   The fact that the Creole is generally formed without the influence of adults reveals that the formulation of grammatical rules and the application of structure to a certain language is innate behavior (Pidgin and Creole).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Insufficient education† is another reason why people of a certain region may have to develop a pidgin, and subsequently a Creole, so as to communicate with a new group of people they have come into contact with (Pidgin and Creole).   It is estimated that between ten to fifteen million people in the world speak languages that are considered creolized.   As an example, Creole based on French is spoken by seven million people in the world. These people may be found in Haiti, the French Overseas Departments of Guadeloupe, Mauritius, Martinique, Guyana, Reunion, Dominica, St. Lucia, and many islands of the Caribbean that have been influenced by the British, in addition to southwestern Louisiana (Mauritian Creole, 2005).   In the case of the pidgins that were created by these people, most probably to communicate with the Europeans they had come into contact with; French was considered the superstrate language.   If there were minority languages that contributed to the creation of a pidgin, the languages were referred to as subtrate languages (Pidgins and Creoles, 1997).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regardless of the kinds of languages that were used in the creation of pidgins and Creoles, the fact remains that human beings have an essential need to communicate with one another.   Human beings do not appreciate invaders, so therefore people in the third world had by and large rejected the presence of the colonialists.   Nevertheless, they had to learn to communicate with the people who had become dominant on their lands.   Whether they had to communicate with the foreigners because the latter controlled their economic resources or otherwise, it may be inferred from this discussion that pidgins and Creoles would be created for as long as human civilization exists on earth.   Man is a social animal, after all. References Mauritian Creole. (2005). Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://kreol.mu/CreoleLanguages.htm. Patrick, P. L. (2004, Nov 14). Pidgin and Creole Languages: Origin and Relationships. Intro Sociolinguistics. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://privatewww.essex.ac.uk/~patrickp/Courses/PCs/IntroPidginsCreoles.htm. Pidgin and Creole. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.hevanet.com/alexwest/pidgin.html. Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.uni- due.de/SVE/VARS_PidginsAndCreoles.htm. Pidgins and Creoles. (1997, Feb 25). Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://logos.uoregon.edu/explore/socioling/pidgin.html. Stafford, A. Pidgins and Creoles. Retrieved Dec 1, 2007, from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/language/pidgcreol.html.

Human Nature Essay

Human nature is based on self-preservation and selfishness in both Rashomon by Ryunosuke Akutagawa and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. In The Lottery human nature is selfish because they kill someone in the community for their own personal gain. Selfishness also has a negative effect in Rashomon due to the harmful extremes the servant takes to stay alive. The way human nature is portrayed in these two stories is sometimes similar to the way people act in real life. In Rashomon the servant turns into a thief for the purpose of staying alive. He knows better than to steal from a woman who is already poor and living amongst corpses but he steals from her anyway. He tries to justify his actions when he says â€Å"You won’t blame me, then, for taking your clothes. That’s what I have to do to keep from starving to death. † His words show that he knows what he is about to do is wrong, but stating his reasons for why he needs to do it makes him feel better. At the beginning of the story he has no intentions of becoming a thief. Soon he realizes how bad his conditions are, this weakens his morals and his first priority becomes survival. This shows that when it comes to staying alive people become selfish and less concerned with other humans well being. Humans will go to extreme measures to get what they need even if that involves harming others. This story uses a lot of animal imagery to show how people become violent and tend to forget their morals when it comes to survival, it becomes almost like â€Å"dog eat dog. † An example of this is when the woman is picking hair out of the corpses to make a wig in hopes of selling it for money; this behavior is animal like. Why is it that people resort to crimes and immoral acts before considering other options when it comes to survival? In The Lottery the community is selfish because they sacrifice someone so their crops will grow. They need their crops to flourish so they will not go hungry; this is a form of self-preservation. In real life we have laws to stop people from committing various crimes. In The Lottery there are no laws to stop them from acting like animals and stoning each other. The fact that we have laws proves that we have them because some people do not have morals or choose to ignore them in certain circumstances. Laws were created to keep communities in order and civilized. Self preservation makes people forget about the well-being of others and instead focus on themselves. We see this in The Lottery when it says, â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix picked up a rock so large she had to use both hands to lift it. † In the beginning of the story Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Hutchinson are friends but at the end of the story when it comes down to her crops flourishing or her friend; Mrs. Delacroix is selfish and stones Mrs. Hutchinson to death. This example shows people are selfish and put their own needs first. Another example of this is when Mrs. Hutchinson say’s â€Å"it’s not right, it isn’t fair†, she is not talking about the lottery she means it is not fair that she was chosen. She would have no problem stoning someone else to death so that she could live and her crops could flourish. Human nature is portrayed the same way in Rashomon and The Lottery. In both stories the people are selfish and harm other people to benefit themselves. In Rashomon he beats up a woman and steals her clothes so he can survive and in The Lottery the community kills Mrs. Hutchinson so their crops will flourish. Their reason for being so selfish is self-preservation. The servant doesn’t want to die so he steals from a woman who has less than him. The community in The Lottery needs food to survive so they take part in the lottery. In both stories the people act like animals because they have no laws or rules to stop them from doing so. The difference between these stories is that in Rashomon it is only two people acting immoral but in The Lottery a whole community is acting uncivilized. In both stories human nature is portrayed negatively. In comparing this to current times, I find that Hurricane Sandy brought out the worst and the best in people. I live in a waterfront community that was badly affected by the hurricane. Some people’s homes were destroyed or flooded but that didn’t stop people from robbing homes in my neighborhood. At night we had police driving around with spotlights checking on homes and properties. Some people chose to steal generators right off others driveways. News reports talked about opportunist who broke into damaged businesses and stole whatever they wanted. Criminals broke into flooded homes and took what little salvageable items were left. When faced with a problem people have the option to rise to the occasion or not too. Unfortunately more people choose not to. This is what makes human nature selfish for the most part. After reading the newspaper this morning stealing generators seems pretty insignificant. I came across a story I can’t seem to get past. The Sandy Hook elementary school shooting in Newton Connecticut. I cannot understand how someone could go into an elementary school and shoot innocent children for their own selfish reasons. I cannot comprehend how someone could kill his or her own mother over a petty argument and feel no guilt. It scares me to know we live in a generation where human nature is so selfish that sending your children to school has become dangerous. Because human nature is so selfish children at such a young age are exposed to so much hatred. No six or seven year old should have to watch their classmates die for no reason other than the killer was simply having a â€Å"bad day† and needed to take his anger out on someone. The one aspect from this story that shows me human nature is sometimes still selfless is Victoria Soto. Victoria hid her students in closets and other spaces so the killer could not find them. When the killer approached her classroom door and asked where her students were she replied the gym; she was then shot. Victoria Soto may not have been able to save herself but she saved an entire classroom of innocent children. It is sad that a horrific event like this needs to take place before human nature changes because for twenty-seven children it’s a day too late. In both Rashomon and The Lottery the people go to immoral extremes for selfish reasons. In The Lottery the community stones someone for their own personal gain. In Rashomon the servant harms a woman in worse conditions than him self for the means of survival. The way human nature is negatively portrayed in these two stories is unfortunately similar to the way people act in real life.

Public Policy Making in Zimbabwe

For the past ten years, Zimbabwe has been riddled with economic stagnation as well as being the subject of political instability, thus that been the reason  why many companies and countries have turned a blind eye as concerns investing. Once known as the bread basket of Africa, Zimbabwe has the ability to rise up again especially with the internationally accepted new government of Unity were the two major political parties, ZANU PF and MDC have come together to work as one for the betterment of the country and to fulfil the needs of the people. There has been little to no investment in Zimbabwe as many pulled out during the past decade. Foreign investment is when a company invests financially in a country abroad, whether in the form of portfolio investments which include shares, stock and bonds, or in the form of direct investment where locally based operations are owned and controlled by the foreign investing corporation. Such investments are controlled by laws known as International trade laws. International Trade law includes the appropriate rules and customs for handling trade between countries or between private companies across country borders. Most countries are part of a body that has made an agreement for trading internationally. Zimbabwe is part of several including UNICTRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law), BIPPA (the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement) and COMESA (the common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa). Zimbabwe’s local body, governing foreign investment is the Zimbabwe Investment Authority with approval necessary from the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe and Registrar of companies. The extract below shows the depths to which the Zimbabwean economy had fallen. Foreign Direct Investment Statistics 52. Zimbabwe Net Investment Flows 1998-2007 (US$ million) |1998 |1999 |2000 |2001 |2002 |2003 |2004 |2005 |2006 |2007 | |Direct Investment |436 |50 |16 |0 |23 |4 |9 |103 |40 |69 | |Portfolio Investment |11 |21 |-1 |-68 |-2 |4 |2 | | | | |Source: IMF, UNCTAD, Ministry of Finance However, what is common is that Africa is the one continent that most global capitalist powers compete for due to its vast resources and wealth, examples eing of Nigeria and its oil, The Congo, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Botswana for their diamonds and precious stones as well as many other aspects such as Tourism. Zimbabwe to one of the Wonders of the world, and some people like investing in tourism, but over the past decade they decided not to. Countries would have loved to do that for reasons such as the 2010 world cup but in as much as opportunities arise, if a country is not politically and e conomically stable, it becomes almost obsolete to even the most interested investors. Zimbabwe economic situation was is dismal, having the â€Å"largest peacetime drop [in GDP] ever recorded† (http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167. html) at roughly 50%. The Economist Intelligence Unit (in the USA) estimates that 12. 8% of the GDP dropped in just one year- 2008. The inflation rate is the highest in the world, officially estimated at about 231 million percent in July last year. Unofficially however, inflation rates of the Zimbabwean dollar are said to be hundreds of billions if not quadrillions; and this is only the tip of the ice berg. The reasons why foreigners had pulled out were because of: the instability that was brought about after the land return programme †¢ political instability – divisions between the two parties and how that affected the country †¢ Economic sanctions – these can cripple a whole economy and country †¢ the breakdown of the stock exchange †¢ the non transparency of the companies and thei r involvement with government †¢ high taxes †¢ unprofitable economic environment †¢ inflation that started in the thousands and ended in the millions †¢ the laws and regulations governing foreign investment †¢ limited protection for foreign investors in some cases †¢ corruption The biggest problem the country was facing is that the rule of law no longer exists in the country. Instead, numerous government policies were ill formed and passed. Some that totally nullifies the power of law and order and in some cases, human rights. Currency exchange is a crucial part of foreign trade, the government’s Conversion and Transfer Policies were uncertain and changed unexpectedly several times. This has put a constraint on business planning and operations and most companies would much rather not risk making great losses because of a sudden adverse change in policies. The government of Zimbabwe had been known to disregard any judgments passed against them by international arbitrators, making the country a place full of lawlessness, dangerous and too risky to invest in. For example in 2005 â€Å"a group of Dutch farmers whose farms were seized under the land reform program took their case to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), demanding that the Zimbabwean government honour the BIPPA between the Netherlands and Zimbabwe. Although the government â€Å"acknowledged that the farmers had been deprived of their land without payment of compensation† they disputed the US$30million claim by the farmers. A decision is yet to be reached. A policy amendment Constitutional Amendment 17, enacted in 2005, removed the right of landowners whose land had been acquired by the government to challenge the acquisition in court. To increase foreign investment the government’s priority should be to restore the rule of la w and order. Restore the people’s faith in the power and fairness of the judicial administrations and government of Zimbabwe. They can do this by honouring their agreements with other countries and renouncing past policies that contradict initial agreements. It would be messy but the country itself is already in a bad state. Righting the wrongs is therefore being an important part of reviving the nation’s economy. Nepotism, favouritism, victimization, and discrimination would have to be seen as no longer existent in the country to make investors feel once again confident and safe investing Zimbabwe. According to the ‘best available surveys’ â€Å"only 7% [700 000 people] of the nations population is employed in the formal sector,† otherwise there is 80% unemployment in the formal sector. Most qualified workers have fled the country in search of greener pastures. The government rightly expects foreign investors to maximize use of local managerial and technical personnel. But in my opinion it is the government’s responsibility to ensure that such personnel are available. Their policy making should therefore first focus on educating and catering for its people so they are available and up to international standard when foreigners come to invest and need workers. The government should make policies that direct a lot more funding into the Educational sector of the country – which was once very well respected and recognised. Those way investors would find more ready, capable and qualified locals to employ. The government should improve the health sector by injecting funds to pay doctors and nurses well. Qualified health workers flee Zimbabwe as soon as they get the chance in search of better, more consistent work environments. With well paid doctors and health personnel the country could avoid crises like the cholera outbreak in 2008 and ensure a safe physical environment. In all this however, Zimbabwe’s government has made efforts to improve foreign investment. They have created foreign trade zones and processing ports. Benefits include 5 year tax holiday, duty free importation of raw materials and capital equipment for use in the EPZ. There is a requirement to export 80% of production in these zones however so this makes the offer less attractive to foreign investors. The government should consider reducing the stipulation in order to attract more investors. After the formation of the Government of National Unity, there was increased support from the international world on how to come up with a sound political framework and policy formulation that could encourage foreign investors, and true to form, the two parties have been trying to work with each other so as to do so. South Africa and Botswana, although closer to home than the usual British and American investors, have already started investing in the mining and farming sectors, with notable billionaires such as Patrice Motsepe of South Africa playing a crucial part in the field. The goals business sector itself is pushing for: 1. Transparency in business and transactions 2. Sustainable taxes for investors 3. Regulatory laws that also work favourably for foreigners 4. Strict function and control of the 49% foreign ownership and 51% Zimbabwean ownership – where even those that are foreigners and own 49% are allowed to make Zimbabwean colleagues, their managers and CEO's for the sole issue of trust among many things. Such partnerships are being encouraged. The stock market for one is back on track, especially with the use of the US dollar and South African rand which is making the market stable and opening up the incentive of investing as there is no longer inflation after the current none use of the Zimbabwean dollar. For the mean while, it is not being used although it has not been eradicated as it will be back in use once the environment is permitting. The policies government makes should firstly, show that the country is serious about attracting foreign investment – at the moment, it looks like South Africa, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria are the only serious ones. Countries like Botswana, Uganda and Kenya are countries that are coming up and under observation in the mean time. Secondly the policies should market Zimbabwe as aggressively as other regions of the world – because as of now there is need for a supportive business framework such as transportation and communications infrastructures, trained or trainable human resources, and equitable trade and employment practices. Thirdly they should be aimed at demonstrating to investors the opportunity cost of not investing in Zimbabwe. Previously the government has certain policies in place, formed and implemented under a dictator regime; In 2008 the government introduced an Indigenization Act that mandates, over time, 51 percent indigenous ownership of businesses. The government reserves several sectors for local investors. Under current laws, foreign investors wishing to participate in these sectors may only do so by entering into joint venture arrangements with local partners. The foreign investors are allowed to own 35 percent of the operation. The following industries face these restrictions; †¢ Agriculture/Forestry; Primary production of food and cash crops , Primary horticulture , Game, wildlife ranching and livestock, Forestry , Fishing and fish farming, Poultry farming , Grain milling , Sugar refining. Transportation; Road haulage, Passenger bus, taxis and car hire services of any kind, Tourist Transportation, Rail operations. †¢ Retail/wholesale trade; including distribution, Barber shops, hairdressing and beauty salons, Commercial photography, Employment agencies, Estate agencies, Valet services, Manufacturing, marketing and distribution of armaments, Water provision for domestic and industrial purposes, Bakery and confecti onary, Tobacco packaging and grading post auction, Cigarette manufacturing. Source: (www. nationsenclclopedia. om/economies/africa/zimbabwe/foreign-investment). . The government needs to recognise that this may not be adequate enough incentive for investors. They should therefore revaluate and review their policies in some areas to encourage foreigners to invest. The percentages given to foreigners may prove unprofitable to a large conglomerate looking to run a company based in Zimbabwe. They would rather invest in a place where returns can be maximized, and the government should therefore allow foreigners a larger percentage of the business. he Government of National Unity has taken this into consideration and opened its door to all country stakeholders in 2009 to be part of the new policy making process, this included miners, lawyers, pastors, NGO’s and many other diverse groups. This reflected the positive determination of Zimbabweans and the government to get back on rein vest itself bigger and better. Our president was quoted at a mining conference to attract foreign investors who are sceptical about Zimbabwe's respect for property rights following the disruptions on commercial farms and a raft of controversial indigenisation laws; Because it is capital intensive, the mining sector requires regional and international partners who can bring in the necessary capital,   mining technology and management expertise to complement local resources,† Mr Mugabe told about 200 foreign investors. â€Å"On its part, the government is committed to ensuring that the policy environment is stable, predictable and sufficiently attractive to guarantee investors good returns on their investment. â€Å" Investors and locals alike look forward to the growth our economy will experience because of the new policies being put in place and the effort of our Government of National Unity is making to involve all stakeholders and uphold those laws. References: ? http://allafrica. com/stories/200909180530. html ? http://www. allbusiness. com/trade-development/trade-development- ? NationsEncyclopedia. com ? www. zimtrade. co. zw ? www. zia. co. zw ? http://www. state. gov/e/eeb/rls/othr/ics/2009/117167 ? www. hg. org/trade. html ? en. wikipedia. org/wiki/United_Nations_Commision_on_International_Trade_Law